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Orbital transfers
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Hohmann transfer is the most fuel-efficient two-burn orbit change.
The Hohmann transfer uses two burns along an ellipse tangent to both circular orbits. It is the most fuel-efficient two-impulse transfer.
Low Earth orbit to geostationary needs about 3.9 km/s of Δv.
Burning prograde raises the opposite side of the orbit.
In more detail
Orbital transfers move a spacecraft between orbits, often using a Hohmann transfer ellipse that touches both orbits. Small speed changes at the right points achieve the transfer.
Real-world uses
- Satellites are moved to geostationary orbit using Hohmann transfers.
- Interplanetary missions use transfer orbits to reach other planets.
- Mission planners use the Hohmann transfer to send probes to Mars with minimal fuel.
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Frequently asked questions
Why use an ellipse?
It is the most fuel-efficient path between two circular orbits.
How many burns are needed?
Usually two: one to enter the transfer ellipse and one to circularise at the target.
Why does a Hohmann transfer need two burns?
The first burn raises the orbit into an ellipse, and the second circularises it at the destination.
Related topics in Gravitation & Orbits
Elliptical orbit energy · Eccentricity · Perihelion and aphelion · Gravity assist · Tides · Tidal locking